|
   |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2011 | Volume
: 48
| Issue : 2 | Page : 170-174 |
| |
A comprehensive examination of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 mRNA expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
P Singh1, JD Wig2, R Srinivasan3, BD Radotra3
1 School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
2 Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector-32, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
3 Department of Cytology and Gynaecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| Date of Web Publication | 11-Jul-2011 |
Correspondence Address:
P Singh
School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006
Australia
 Source of Support: Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0019-509X.82876
Background: Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 are important molecules in TGF-beta pathway, which plays an important role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) biology. Aims : This study examined the expression profiles of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 mRNA in patient samples of PDAC and their relationship to Smad protein expression, SMAD4 gene mutations, clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. Settings and Design: Surgically resected, paired normal and tumor tissues of 25 patients of PDAC were studied. Materials and Methods: Protein and mRNA levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, respectively. Statistical Methods: Statistical analysis was done using Student's t-test, Pearson's chi-square test, Spearman's Rank Correlation, Pearson's Correlation test and Kaplan-Meier Logrank test. Results: While there was a highly significant difference in the protein levels of all three Smads in tumor as compared to normal samples, mRNA levels were significantly different only for Smad4. Protein levels did not correlate significantly with mRNA levels for any of the three Smads. The mRNA levels of Smad4 and Smad6, Smad4 and Smad7, and Smad6 and Smad7 in tumor samples showed a significant positive correlation. The relationship of Smad4 mRNA expression to SMAD4 gene status and Smad4 protein expression was discordant and there was no significant correlation between mRNA expression and clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. Conclusion : The absence of concordance between SMAD4 gene status, mRNA expression and Smad4 protein expression suggests the presence of other regulatory mechanisms in Smad4 transcription and translation in PDAC.
Keywords: Clinicopathological parameters, prognosis, Smad4, Smad6, Smad7, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
How to cite this article:
Singh P, Wig J D, Srinivasan R, Radotra B D. A comprehensive examination of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 mRNA expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Indian J Cancer 2011;48:170-4 |
How to cite this URL:
Singh P, Wig J D, Srinivasan R, Radotra B D. A comprehensive examination of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 mRNA expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Indian J Cancer [serial online] 2011 [cited 2019 Dec 14];48:170-4. Available from: http://www.indianjcancer.com/text.asp?2011/48/2/170/82876 |
| » Introduction | |  |
Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 are important molecules in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) biology. Only a few studies have examined the expression profiles of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 transcripts in PDAC patient samples and only one study has attempted to understand the relationship with Smad protein expression. Results from these studies suggest loss of Smad4 mRNA expression, [1],[2] increased Smad7 mRNA expression, [3] and a significant positive correlation of Smad4 mRNA expression and Smad4 protein levels [4] in PDAC.
In this report, we present data examining the expression profiles of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 mRNA in patient samples of PDAC and their relationship to Smad protein expression, SMAD4 genetic alterations, clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. These data were obtained during a comprehensive study of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 in PDAC, which examined the relationship of molecular parameters with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival.
| » Materials and Methods | | |
Twenty-five consecutive patients of PDAC were included in the study. Approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research. Informed consent was obtained from each patient for participation in the study.
Surgically resected samples of paired tumor and adjacent normal tissue were collected. Tumor tissue was confirmed by taking frozen sections on autoclaved glass slides and staining them with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Only the samples with tumor in >90% of the area of the section were included in the study.
Immunohistochemical labeling was done on 4 μm tissue sections mounted on slides coated with poly-l-lysine (Sigma, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) using the routine Streptavidin-Biotin immunoperoxidase technique. Sections were deparaffinized in xylene, and rehydrated through a series of graded alcohols to distilled water and microwaved in buffered sodium citrate. Endogenous peroxidase was blocked by incubating in hydrogen peroxidase with methanol, followed by overnight incubation with monoclonal antibodies [Table 1]. Novastatin Universal Detection kit (Ready to use, Novacastra Laboratories Ltd., Newcastle, UK) containing biotinylated secondary antibody was applied and staining was visualized using3,3'-Diaminobenzidinetetrahydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) solution as the chromogen. The sections were counterstained in Mayer's hematoxylin, rinsed in water, and mounted in Di-N-Butyle Phthalate in Xylene (DPX). The brown product obtained was visualized and scored under light microscopy. Immunohistochemical scoring was done independently by two pathologists and in all the cases the results were found concordant. The slides were scored as follows: 0 (no staining), 1+ (weak staining), 2+ (moderate staining), and 3+ (strong staining). [5]  | Table 1: Monoclonal antibodies used and their antigen retrieval conditions
Click here to view |
mRNA was isolated from tissue samples using the Micro to Midi Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). One microgram of total RNA was reverse transcribed into 20 μl of cDNA with 100 nanograms of random hexamers and 200 U of SuperScript II (Invitrogen) at 42°C for 1 hour. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on cDNA for Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 transcripts using sequence-specific primers that have been previously described. [6] The primer sequences and the PCR program for each of the three Smads and β-actin are shown in [Table 2]. | Table 2: Primer sequences and PCR conditions used in semi-quantitative RT-PCR for Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7
Click here to view |
Each PCR reaction (25 μl) included 2 μl of the cDNA synthesis product, 100 ng of each primer, 1.0 units of Taq polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN, USA), and 2 mmol/l dNTPs (Boehringer Mannheim). A no-RT control that would yield a PCR product in case of genomic DNA contamination was included for each of the reaction cycles. PCR products were resolved onto 2.5% agarose gels, and the band intensities for the relative levels of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 against the housekeeping gene β-actin were measured using Bio-Rad's Quantity One software.
To compare protein and transcript expression levels between normal and tumor groups, Student's t-test and Pearson's chi-square test were applied. The mean and median levels of expression of each molecule investigated in this study were calculated. The analysis of interrelationship and the correlation of expression between different proteins were done by employing Spearman's Rank Correlation test. The correlation of expression between the protein and transcript levels was done by Pearson's Correlation test. Survival analysis was done using Kaplan-Meier Logrank test. A probability value of <0.05 was considered to be significant.
| » Results | | |
A total of 25 subjects (13 males, 12 females) with a mean age of 54.63 (range 28-75) years, of histopathologically proven PDAC were included. The cases were collected over a period of 36 months. The patients were staged according to the Tumor, Node and Metastasis (TNM) classification of the International Union against Cancer. [7] Clinicopathological profile of the patients is given in [Table 3]. | Table 3: Clinical profile of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 25)
Click here to view |
As compared to normal controls, tumor tissues showed significantly low protein expression for Smad4 (P < 0.001), Smad6 (P = 0.027) and Smad7 (P < 0.0001). Complete loss of expression was observed in 40, 21.87 and 57.89% of cases for Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7, respectively. Moreover, Smad4 and Smad6 co-expressed in all except one case (unpublished data).
There was a decrease in the expression levels of transcript for all the three Smads in tumor samples as compared to normal control samples [Table 4], [Figure 1]. However, this difference was significant only in case of Smad4 (Student's t-test, P = 0.036).  | Figure 1: RT-PCR results for six representative cases (lanes 1-6). Left panel shows the mRNA levels of (a) Smad4, (b) Smad6 and (c) Smad7 for normal samples and right panel shows the mRNA levels of (e) Smad4, (f) Smad6 and (g) Smad7 in paired tumor samples. (d) and (h) are c orresponding β -actin gels for normal and tumor samples, respectively. Lane MW: molecular weight marker (50 bp ladder); lane NC: negative control (no reverse transcriptase control)
Click here to view |
 | Table 4: Transcript levels of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 in the patients of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma versus normal pancreatic tissue
Click here to view |
A significant positive correlation between Smad4 and Smad7 transcripts was observed in normal samples (Pearson's correlation, r = 0.642, P < 0.0001), whereas no significant correlation was seen in the other two combinations, i.e. between Smad4 and Smad6, or Smad6 and Smad7 transcripts. .
In tumor samples, a significant positive correlation was found between Smad4 and Smad6 (r = 0.777, P < 0.000), Smad4 and Smad7 (r = 0.689, P < 0.0001), and Smad6 and Smad7 (r = 0.588, P < 0.0001) transcript levels.
No significant correlation between mRNA and protein expression levels for any of the three Smads for either normal or tumor samples was found.
There was a total absence of mRNA expression in seven samples, out of which, mutations/deletions were present in 5 samples. [Table 5]. In three cases, Smad4 mRNA expression was present in the presence of SMAD4 gene mutations, and in all these cases Smad4 protein was expressed. Genetic alterations significantly negatively correlated with Smad4 mRNA expression (r = −0.511, P = 0.015).
No significant relationship was found between Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 mRNA expression and clinicopathological parameters and patient survival.
| » Discussion | | |
Complete loss of expression of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 proteins was observed in 40, 21.87 and 57.89% of cases, respectively. Thus, Smad4 and Smad7 levels were markedly and Smad6 levels were moderately decreased in tumor samples as compared to normal controls. mRNA expressions of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 were decreased in tumor samples compared to normal controls, but the values were significant only for Smad4 mRNA (P = 0.036). This finding for Smad4 mRNA expression is similar to those of earlier studies [2],[8] However, our findings for Smad6 and Smad7 mRNA expression are in contrast to previous reports where no change was seen in pancreatic cancer as compared to normal samples. [1] There is only one study that reports an overexpression of Smad7 mRNA in tissue samples of PDAC. [3]
In tumor samples, a significant association of expression was found between Smad4 and Smad6 (P < 0.000), Smad4 and Smad7 (P < 0.0001) and Smad6 and Smad7 (P < 0.0001). This suggests that these molecules are regulated similarly. Previous reports have demonstrated that Smad4 protein acts as a transcriptional regulator for SMAD6[9] and SMAD7[10],[11] genes, thus corroborating our in vivo findings. Furthermore, co-expression of Smad4 and Smad6 proteins in tumor samples, high levels of Smad6 protein expression in comparison to Smad7 protein expression, and cytoplasmic location of Smad6 (indicating that it is functionally active) [12] suggest that Smad6 plays a major role in inhibiting Smad4 in pancreatic cancers.
The absence of correlation of mRNA and protein expression for either Smad4, Smad6 or Smad7 and the fact that unlike protein expression, most samples were positive for mRNA expression suggests the involvement of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. A similar observation has been made for Smad4 in an earlier study on invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the pancreas. [4] Suggested post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms may include the involvement of other pathways in protein stability or the presence of mutations at the gene locus leading to immediate degradation of either the mRNA or the translated protein. [13],[14],[15],[16],[17]
The absence of concordance between SMAD4 gene status, mRNA expression and Smad4 protein expression also suggests the presence of other regulatory mechanisms in Smad4 transcription and translation.
| » Acknowledgments | | |
We are thankful to Indian Council of Medical Research, India for providing PhD stipend for PS to carry out this study and Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India, for providing the infrastructure and funding this project.
| » References | | |
| 1. | Jonson T, Gorunova L, Dawiskiba S, Andren-Sandberg A, Stenman G, ten Dijke P, et al. Molecular analyses of the 15q and 18q SMAD genes in pancreatic cancer. Gene Chromosome Canc 1999;24:62-71. 
|
| 2. | Tarafa G, Villanueva A, Farré L, Rodríguez J, Musulén E, Reyes G, et al. DCC and SMAD4 alterations in human colorectal and pancreatic tumor dissemination. Oncogene 2000;19:546-55.
|
| 3. | Kleeff J, Ishiwata T, Maruyama H, Friess H, Truong P, Buchler MW, et al. The TGF-beta signaling inhibitor Smad7 enhances tumorigenicity in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene 1999;18:5363-72.
|
| 4. | Toga T, Nio Y, Hashimoto K, Higami T, Maruyama R. The dissociated expression of protein and messenger RNA of DPC4 in human invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and their implication for patient outcome. Anticancer Res 2004;24:1173-8.
|
| 5. | Hua Z, Zhang YC, Hu XM, Jia ZG. Loss of DPC4 expression and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters in pancreatic carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2003;9:2764-7.
|
| 6. | Zhang S, Fantozzi I, Tigno DD, Yi ES, Platoshyn O, Thistlethwaite PA, et al. Bone morphogenetic proteins induce apoptosis in human pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003;285:740-54.
|
| 7. | Katz MH, Hwang R, Fleming JB, Evans DB. Tumor-node-metastasis staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin 2008;58:111-25.
|
| 8. | Barberá VM, Martín M, Mariñoso L, Munné A, Carrato A, Real FX, et al. The 18q21 region in colorectal and pancreatic cancer: independent loss of DCC and DPC4 expression. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1502:283-96.
|
| 9. | Imamura T, Takase M, Nishihara A, Oeda E, Hanai J, Kawabata M, et al. Smad6 inhibits signalling by the TGF-beta superfamily. Nature 1997;389:622-6.
|
| 10. | Nakao A, Afrakhte M, Morén A, Nakayama T, Christian JL, Heuchel R, et al. Identification of Smad7, a TGF-beta-inducible antagonist of TGF-beta signalling. Nature 1997;389:631-5.
|
| 11. | Nagarajan RP, Zhang J, Li W, Chen Y. Regulation of Smad7 promoter by direct association with Smad3 and Smad4. J Biol Chem 1999;274:33412-8.
|
| 12. | Itóh S, Landström M, Hermansson A, Itoh F, Heldin CH, Heldin NE, et al. Transforming growth factor beta1 induces nuclear export of inhibitory Smad7. J Biol Chem 1998;273:29195-201.
|
| 13. | Maurice D, Pierreux CE, Howell M, Wilentz RE, Owen MJ, Hill CS. Loss of Smad4 function in pancreatic tumors: C-terminal truncation leads to decreased stability. J Biol Chem 2001;276:43175-81.
|
| 14. | Lin X, Liang M, Liang YY, Brunicardi FC, Feng XH. SUMO-1/Ubc9 promotes nuclear accumulation and metabolic stability of tumor suppressor Smad4. J Biol Chem 2003;278:31043-8.
|
| 15. | Lee PS, Chang C, Liu D, Derynck R. Sumoylation of Smad4, the common Smad mediator of transforming growth factor-beta family signaling. J Biol Chem 2003;278:27853-63.
|
| 16. | Wan M, Huang J, Jhala NC, Tytler EM, Yang L, Vickers SM, et al. SCF(beta-TrCP1) controls Smad4 protein stability in pancreatic cancer cells. Am J Pathol 2005;166:1379-92.
|
| 17. | Fukasawa H, Yamamoto T, Togawa A, Ohashi N, Fujigaki Y, Oda T, et al. Down-regulation of Smad7 expression by ubiquitin-dependent degradation contributes to renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:8687-92.
|
[Figure 1]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Overexpressed VEPH1 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and migration of human cutaneous melanoma cells through inactivating the TGF-ß signaling pathway |
|
| Hao Feng,Xiao-Min Jia,Ni-Na Gao,Hua Tang,Wei Huang,Ning Ning | | Cell Cycle. 2019; 18(21): 2860 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Dysregulation of key microRNAs in pancreatic cancer development |
|
| Behzad Baradaran,Roya Shahbazi,Monireh Khordadmehr | | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2019; 109: 1008 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: A case report |
|
| Maria Celeste Palmarocchi,Ruben Carlo Balzarotti Canger,Piercarlo Saletti | | Oncology Letters. 2017; 13(6): 4445 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Non-coding RNAs in pancreatic cancer: challenges and opportunities for clinical application |
|
| V. Taucher,H. Mangge,J. Haybaeck | | Cellular Oncology. 2016; 39(4): 295 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
MicroRNA-182 targets SMAD7 to potentiate TGFß-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of cancer cells |
|
| Jingyi Yu,Rong Lei,Xueqian Zhuang,Xiaoxun Li,Gang Li,Sima Lev,Miguel F. Segura,Xue Zhang,Guohong Hu | | Nature Communications. 2016; 7(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Chitosan-supported Fe3O4 nanoparticles: A magnetically recyclable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the syntheses of multifunctional benzimidazoles and benzodiazepines |
|
| Maleki, A., Ghamari, N., Kamalzare, M. | | Source of the Document RSC Advances. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | | | 7 |
Meta-Analysis of the Prognostic Value of Smad4 Immunohistochemistry in Various Cancers |
|
| Yiping Du,Xin Zhou,Zebo Huang,Tianzhu Qiu,Jian Wang,Wei Zhu,Tongshan Wang,Ping Liu,Zoran Culig | | PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(10): e110182 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Neoadjuvant therapy for pancreas cancer: Past lessons and future therapies |
|
| Jeffrey M Sutton | | World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2014; 20(42): 15564 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
result 3 Document Cell patterning on poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)-patterned fluoropolymer substrate |
|
| Authors of Document Jung, C.-H., Kim, W.-J., Jung, C.-H., (...), Choi, J.-H., Hong, S.-K. | | Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 2013; | | [Pubmed] | | | 10 |
Authors of Document Zhou, H., Xiao, L., Luo, Y., (...), Zeng, Y., Zhong, M.-Z. |
|
| Facile synthesis of monodispersed fe2o3 nanoparticles and its cellular uptake and cytotoxicity studies | | Source of the Document Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2013; | | [Pubmed] | | | 11 |
result 4 Document Preparation, physicochemical and biological study of chitosan/prednisolone succinate pro-drug for pharmaceutical applications |
|
| Bhatt, A., Singh, B.K., Archana, D., Verma, A., Dutta, P.K. | | Journal of Polymer Materials. 2013; | | [Pubmed] | | | 12 |
Synthesis, morphology and microstructure of pomegranate-like hematite (α-Fe 2O 3) superstructure with high coercivity |
|
| Tadic, M. and Citakovic, N. and Panjan, M. and Stanojevic, B. and Markovic, D. and Jovanovic, O. and Spasojevic, V. | | Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2012; 543: 118-124 | | [Pubmed] | | | 13 |
Characterization optical of ZnAl2O4 doped with Eu3+ functionalized with chitosan |
|
| Santos, P.T.A. and Furtado, C.M. and Rodrigues, M.O. and Costa, A.C.F.M. | | Materials Science Forum. 2012; 727-728: 1119-1124 | | [Pubmed] | | | 14 |
The influence of deposition time on optical properties of iron oxide films grown on glass substrate by chemical bath deposition |
|
| Batin, M.N. and Popescu, V. | | Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, Rapid Communications. 2012; 6(7-8): 727-729 | | [Pubmed] | | | 15 |
A chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite film reinforced with natural halloysite nanotubes |
|
| Huang, D. and Wang, W. and Kang, Y. and Wang, A. | | Polymer Composites. 2012; 33(10): 1693-1699 | | [Pubmed] | | | 16 |
result 9 Document Preparation and characterization of Fe2O3/HTPB composite nanoparticle |
|
| Authors of Document Hu, L., Ma, Z., Ji, M., Zhang, L. | | Acta Chimica Sinica. 2011; | | [Pubmed] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
